生物质炭与氮肥配施对土壤养分和谷子生长的影响

为探寻生物质炭与氮肥配施对谷子生长及土壤的影响,本研究以晋谷21为试材,采用盆栽试验,完全随机设计,研究了生物质炭(C0,0 g·kg^-1;C1,20 g·kg^-1;C2,40 g·kg^-1)与氮肥(N0,0 g·kg^-1;N1,0.133 g·kg^-1;N2,0.266 g·kg^-1)配施对土壤养分、谷子根系形态、光合作用、干物质积累等的影响。结果表明,生物质炭与氮肥均明显提高了土壤养分含量,其中C2N2增幅最大,碱解氮含量较C0N0提升了61.03%。生物质炭对谷子光合作用、根系形态、干物质积累有明显的促进作用,同一生物质炭水平下,谷子光合作用、根系形态、干物质积累对氮肥的响应均表现为低促高抑;与C0N0相比,C2N1效果最佳,其地上部干重增幅最大,为129.24%。综上,生物质炭与适量氮肥配施可改良土壤养分状况,促进干物质在地上部积累。本试验条件下,C2N1效果最佳。该结果可为谷子减肥增效提供一定的理论基础。     

小米食昧(适口性)评价方法研究

常规化学分析测试方法和百分制感观评定方法是目前小米进行适口性评价的二种主要方法.笔者以小米的色泽、芳香、味道、粘性、回生以及综合评价等六项感观性状为评定指标,设3、2、1、0、-1、-2、-3共7个评判值,以统一对照(晋谷21号)为参照,对参评品种的评判平均数进行T测验统计评价分析.评价分析结果:长农35号食味值为1.389,长农39号食味值为1.000,两个品种品尝食味值高,与晋谷21号达到95%水平上的显著差异,是适口性好的优质小米品种.该分析结果与前二种方法基本一致,分析方法方便科学,可以作为一种新的小米适口性评价方法.     

Impact of amylose content on starch retrogradation and texture of cooked milled rice during storage

Milled rice from 11 varieties, with amylose levels from 1.2 to 35.6% dry base, were collected to study the impacts of amylose content on starch retrogradation and textural properties of cooked rice during storage. The relationship between amylose content and different properties was determined using Pearson correlation. Starch retrogradation enthalpy (ΔH_r) of cooked rice was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. ΔH_r values were found to be positively correlated with amylose content (0.603 ≤ r ≤ 0.822, P < 0.01) during storage. Textural properties were determined by a Texture Analyser. The hardness of cooked rice showed a positive correlation with amylose content (0.706 ≤ r ≤ 0.866, P < 0.01) and a positive correlation with ΔH_r of cooked rice (r = 0.650, P < 0.01) during storage. The adhesiveness showed a negative correlation with amylose content (−0.929 ≤ r ≤ −0.678, P < 0.01) and a negative correlation with ΔH_r of cooked rice (r = −0.833, P < 0.01) during storage. Hardness showed a negative correlation with adhesiveness (r = −0.820, P < 0.01). These results indicated that amylose content has significant effects on starch retrogradation and textural properties of cooked rice. The cooked rice with high amylose content is easy to retrograde, the cooked rice with low amylose content retrograded slowly. Sarch retrogradation contributes to the changes of textural properties of cooked rice during storage.     

第七届粳稻发展论坛之09'全国优良食味粳稻品评结果报告

2009年8月8日,北方稻作科技协会组织专家对全国20个优良食味粳稻品种进行品评。水稻食味育种专家、品评专家17人及列席品评代表10人进行品评标准的讨论、制定及品评。品评方法参考日本食味品评标准,结合中国食味品评经验制定。品评结果收到比较满意效果,并引发众多思考:我国优良食味粳稻研究已经达到较高的水平;应制定更加完善的评价体系,提升品评高度;充分发挥优良食味粳稻品种的市场价值;进一步发展协会,提升协会价值。     

不同栽培模式下谷子叶片衰老的生理效应

为了揭示不同栽培模式下谷子叶片衰老及抗性指标的变化规律, 本试验以谷丰888为试验材料,在80 kg/hm2施氮肥水平和基本苗为120～130万/hm2条件下,研究常规栽培(CK)、覆草栽培、地膜覆盖栽培3种栽培模式下灌浆期谷子顶三叶衰老与活性氧代谢特性.覆草栽培模式下,叶绿素含量显著高于常规栽培,叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度降低缓慢,产量显著高于常规栽培;地膜覆盖栽培模式下,灌浆前期叶绿素含量显著高于常规栽培,叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性高于常规栽培,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于常规栽培,膜脂过氧化程度低;灌浆后期叶绿素含量急剧下降,叶片衰老速度加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧.SOD、CAT参与谷子叶片衰老进程的调控,并通过协同作用来保护叶片,减少活性氧伤害,延长功能期,提高产量.     

基于RNA-seq的谷子萌芽期抗旱相关基因挖掘与分析

为了明确响应干旱胁迫的关键基因,解析谷子抗旱机制,本研究以谷子抗旱品种山西2010和干旱敏感品种K359*M4-1为材料,应用RNA-seq技术对两个品种干旱胁迫前后萌发期种子进行转录组测定。结果表明,在山西2010和K359*M4-1中分别鉴定出2 300个和3 652个差异表达基因(DEG),包括编码类锌诱导的促进因子、类萌发素蛋白、蛋白磷酸化酶、转运蛋白、胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)、转录因子、过氧化物酶等基因。通过对鉴定到的DEG进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析,发现山西2010和K359*M4-1中的DEG分别富集在52个和21个生物学过程。KEGG 富集分析发现,DEG主要富集在淀粉和蔗糖代谢, 植物激素信号转导,光合作用-天线蛋白,苯丙素生物合成,角质、亚氨酸和蜡生物合成,次生代谢物生物合成等途径。本研究结果为挖掘谷子抗旱关键基因、解析谷子抗旱机制奠定了基础。     

氮肥对粳性和糯性糜子干物质积累和产量性状及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探讨不同粳糯性糜子干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率对不同供氮水平的响应,本研究通过两年田间试验,以粳性糜子品种陇糜13号和糯性糜子品种陇糜14号为试验材料,设置45(N1)、90(N2)和135 kg·hm^-2(N3)3个供氮水平,以不施氮为对照(CK),研究不同供氮水平下不同粳糯性糜子在开花期和成熟期的干物质积累与转运、农艺性状及产量的变化,分析氮素积累量、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用率及氮肥表观利用效率对施氮的响应。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,不同粳糯性糜子的地上部各器官干重呈单峰曲线变化,在N₂下,开花期和成熟期糜子的茎秆干重、叶片干重、茎鞘干重和穗干重均显著高于CK(P<0.05);随着施氮量的增加,不同粳糯性糜子的氮肥偏生产力呈降低趋势,而氮素利用效率呈先降低后升高的趋势;N₂可以显著提高不同粳糯性糜子的株高、茎粗、穗长、单穗粒重、千粒重及产量,也可提升氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率。两年数据表明,N2(90 kg·hm^-2)下陇糜13号的农艺性状、产量及氮素利用效率均优于陇糜14号。综上,本研究条件下,甘肃省会宁地区糜子的推荐氮肥施用量为90 kg·hm^-2,这对西北地区种植不同粳糯性糜子具有生产指导意义。     

Performance of landraces, exotic elite populations and their crosses in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in drought and non-drought conditions

The crop cultivars targeted for drought prone areas need to combine drought tolerance and high yield. The present study was conducted to assess the performance of three selected pearl millet landraces, four exotic elite populations and their 12 crosses. They were evaluated for yield, yield components and a drought susceptibility index that was calculated using yield data from drought and non‐drought environments. In the non‐drought season, the exotic populations had significantly higher grain yield than landraces. However, in the severe drought season, the landraces produced significantly greater biomass, grain and stover yields than elite populations. There was a strong relation between panicle size and ability to produce panicles and delay in flowering under severe stress. The biomass and stover yield of crosses was significantly better than parental populations under both drought stress and near‐optimum conditions. The elite populations were most sensitive to drought while crosses were as drought tolerant as landraces because they combined larger panicle size of exotics and lesser delay in flowering of landraces. The results indicated that it is possible to combine drought adaptation with high yield potential through hybridization between adapted landraces and elite genetic materials.     

谷子地方品种发芽期和苗期对NaCl胁迫的反应和耐盐品种筛选

用150 mmol L^-1和200 mmol L^-1NaCl溶液鉴定194份来自河南、山东、河北等地的谷子地方品种的耐盐性,筛选出红谷、小黄谷、三变丑等11份耐盐性较强的品种,野谷5号和洋谷对盐胁迫比较敏感;不同品种发芽率、根和芽生长表现不同。发芽相对盐害率与苗期株高和第一片真叶面积相对盐害率没有显著相关性,但发芽期耐盐性差的品种野谷5号和洋谷在苗期耐盐性也较差。芽期耐盐性强的红谷、小黄谷和三变丑在150~200 mmol L^-1下苗期株高相对盐害率小于野谷5号和洋谷,三变丑的株高相对盐害率低于红谷和小黄谷,在高浓度下小黄谷的叶面积相对盐害率最小。     

谷子及其近缘野生种酯酶同工酶分析(Ⅰ)

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对谷子、青狗尾草和西藏野生材料进行酯酶同工酶分析。结果表明：种内不同品种（类型）间的同工酶谱差异性主要表现为少数酶带的差异及相应酶带相对活性不同,但它们的活性分布趋势是相同的;西藏１９０野生材料应划归于谷子的范畴,属谷子的一种特殊类型,将西藏野生材料定名为“西藏野谷子”是正确的;青狗尾草按照其同工酶谱可划分为３种类型,其中类型Ⅱ是谷子起源的最可能祖先,该类型在我国黄土高